radiolab smarty plants

The roots of this tree of course can go any way they want to go. Jigs is in trouble!" ROBERT: Well of course, there could be a whole -- any number of reasons why, you know, one tree's affected by another. Or even learn? ROBERT: Well, let us say you have a yard in front of your house. And what we found was that the trees that were the biggest and the oldest were the most highly connected. And so on. ROBERT: After three days of this training regime, it is now time to test the plants with just the fan, no light. Liquid rocks. Just for example Let's say it's -- times are good. ROBERT: [laughs] You mean, like the World Wide Web? Then we actually had to run four months of trials to make sure that, you know, that what we were seeing was not one pea doing it or two peas, but it was actually a majority. It's an integral part of DNA. JAD: Wait a second. Me first. ALVIN UBELL: If you look at a root under a microscope, what you see is all these thousands of feelers like hairs on your head looking for water. Can Robert get Jad tojoin the march? This feels one of those experiments where you just abort it on humanitarian grounds, you know? [ANSWERING MACHINE: To play the message, press two. So what do we have in our ears that we use to hear sound? Exactly. Today, Robert drags Jad along on a parade for the surprising feats of brainless plants. Then we actually had to run four months of trials to make sure that, you know, that what we were seeing was not one pea doing it or two peas, but it was actually a majority. That's okay. They can go north, south, east, west, whatever. Share. Yeah. "I'm under attack!". Monica thought about that and designed a different experiment. ROBERT: Peering down at the plants under the red glow of her headlamp. We need to take a break first, but when we come back, the parade that I want you to join will come and swoop you up and carry you along in a flow of enthusiasm. Visit your local Culver City PetSmart store for essential pet supplies like food, treats and more from top brands. And she goes on to argue that had we been a little bit more steady and a little bit more consistent, the plants would have learned and would have remembered the lesson. Yeah. It's almost as if these plants -- it's almost as if they know where our pipes are. LINCOLN TAIZ: Yes. You just used a very interesting word. Annie McEwen, Stephanie Tam, our intern, we decided all to go to check it out for ourselves, this thing I'm not telling you about. One tree goes "Uh-oh." Episodes. So we are going to meet a beautiful little plant called a mimosa pudica, which is a perfectly symmetrical plant with leaves on either side of a central stem. This is Ashley Harding from St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada. Then he would bring them the meat and he would ring a bell. So ROBERT: He says something about that's the wrong season. Well, maybe. And it can reach these little packets of minerals and mine them. Like a human would. Why waste hot water? So they can't move. MONICA GAGLIANO: I remember going in at the uni on a Sunday afternoon. Imagine towering trees to your left and to your right. And the tubes branch and sometimes they reconnect. They're called springtails, because a lot of them have a little organ on the back that they actually can kind of like deploy and suddenly -- boing! I mean, Jigs was part of the family. But it didn't happen. LARRY UBELL: It's not leaking. No matter how amazing I think that the results are, for some reason people just don't think plants are interesting. And then I needed to -- the difficulty I guess, of the experiment was to find something that will be quite irrelevant and really meant nothing to the plant to start with. ROBERT: So she takes the plants, she puts them into the parachute drop, she drops them. ALVIN UBELL: Testing one, two. It turns that carbon into sugar, which it uses to make its trunk and its branches, anything thick you see on a tree is just basically air made into stuff. He was a -- what was he? So now, they had the radioactive particles inside their trunks and their branches. Like, two percent or 0.00000001 percent? I'm a research associate professor at the University of Sydney. LARRY UBELL: Yeah, and I have done inspections where roots were coming up through the pipe into the house. But ROBERT: We did catch up with her a few weeks later. Wait a second. ROBERT: And then she waited a few more days and came back. To remember? ROY HALLING: Well, you can see the white stuff is the fungus. Same as the Pavlov. ROBERT: So you're like a metaphor cop with a melty heart. MONICA GAGLIANO: Yeah. They learned something. Now, can you -- can you imagine what we did wrong? Then she takes the little light and the little fan and moves them to the other side of the plant. JENNIFER FRAZER: From a particular direction. ROBERT: So the roots can go either left or to the right. To remember? This is not so good" signal through the network. JAD: Yes. JAD: It's like every time I close my eyes, you're coming at it from a different direction. This story JAD: You'll get your sound at some point. ], [JENNIFER FRAZER: Dylan Keefe is our Director of Sound Design. So you can get -- anybody can get one of these plants, and we did. And I do that in my brain. Or maybe it's the fungus under the ground is kind of like a broker and decides who gets what. The other important thing we figured out is that, as those trees are injured and dying, they'll dump their carbon into their neighbors. ROBERT: He's got lots of questions about her research methods, but really his major complaint is -- is her language. Would just suck up through photosynthesis. They all went closed. Or even learn? Like, can a tree stand up straight without minerals? It's gone. There is Jigs at the bottom of the outhouse, probably six feet down at the bottom of the outhouse pit. Radiolab - Smarty Plants. I don't really need it all right now. But once again I kind of wondered if -- since the plant doesn't have a brain or even neurons to connect the idea of light and wind or whatever, where would they put that information? They just don't like to hear words like "mind" or "hear" or "see" or "taste" for a plant, because it's too animal and too human. Like the bell for the dog. ROBERT: And she was willing to entertain the possibility that plants can do something like hear. And it's that little, little bit of moisture that the plant will somehow sense. It's condensation. No. Can you -- will you soften your roots so that I can invade your root system?" JENNIFER FRAZER: The whole thing immediately closes up and makes it look like, "Oh, there's no plant here. JENNIFER FRAZER: One of the things they eat is fungus. ROBERT: Yes, because she knew that scientists had proposed years before, that maybe there's an underground economy that exists among trees that we can't see. So then at one point, when you only play the bell for the dog, or you, you know, play the fan for the plant, we know now for the dogs, the dogs is expecting. This story was nurtured and fed and ultimately produced by Annie McEwen. ROBERT: Suzanne says she's not sure if the tree is running the show and saying like, you know, "Give it to the new guy." But now we know, after having looked at their DNA, that fungi are actually very closely related to animals. With a California grow license for 99 plants, an individual is permitted to cultivate more than the first 6 or 12 immature plants. I think there are some cases where romanticizing something could possibly lead you to some interesting results. LATIF: Wait. Why waste hot water? But over the next two decades, we did experiment after experiment after experiment that verified that story. They were actually JENNIFER FRAZER: Tubes. And if you go to too many rock concerts, you can break these hairs and that leads to permanent hearing loss, which is bad. Or it's just the vibration of the pipe that's making it go toward it. ROBERT: Now, you might think that the plant sends out roots in every direction. What happened to you didn't happen to us. I go out and I thought there's no one here on Sunday afternoon. ROBERT: So there is some water outside of the pipe. And I'm wondering whether Monica is gonna run into, as she tries to make plants more animal-like, whether she's just gonna run into this malice from the scientific -- I'm just wondering, do you share any of that? So this is our plant dropper. That's the place where I can remember things. So we're up to experiment two now, are we not? More information about Sloan at www.sloan.org]. There was some kind of benefit from the birch to the fur. ALVIN UBELL: The tree will wrap its roots around that pipe. ROBERT: And she goes on to argue that had we been a little bit more steady and a little bit more consistent, the plants would have learned and would have remembered the lesson. I'm just trying to make sure I understand, because I realize that none of these conversations are actually spoken. I mean, it's a kind of romanticism, I think. Like what she saw in the outhouse? So that's where these -- the scientists from Princeton come in: Peter, Sharon and Aatish. Radiolab: Smarty Plants. Maybe each root is -- is like a little ear for the plant. We're carefully examining the roots of this oak tree. And then they do stuff. And the fungus actually builds a tunnel inside the rock. But let me just -- let me give it a try. Jad and Robert, they are split on this one. Does it threaten my sense of myself or my place as a human that a plant can do this? Little seatbelt for him for the ride down. Let him talk. To remember? On the fifth day, they take a look and discover most of the roots, a majority of the roots were heading toward the sound of water. MONICA GAGLIANO: I don't know. Apparently she built some sort of apparatus. ROBERT: Then of course because it's the BBC, they take a picture of it. ROBERT: All right, that's it, I think. ROBERT: Eventually, she came back after ROBERT: And they still remembered. The magnolia tree outside of our house got into the sewer pipes, reached its tentacles into our house and busted the sewage pipe. And I've been in the construction industry ever since I'm about 16 years old. And after not a whole lot of drops the plant, she noticed, stopped closing its leaves. The plants have to keep pulling their leaves up and they just get tired. This is not so good" signal through the network. Actually that's good advice for anyone. So we went back to Monica. And we were all like, "Oh, my goodness! The whole thing immediately closes up and makes it look like, "Oh, there's no plant here. JAD: Is it just pulling it from the soil? Yeah, and hopefully not be liquefied by the fungus beneath us. ROBERT: And on this particular day, she's with the whole family. JENNIFER FRAZER: They had learned to associate the sound of the bell ROBERT: Which has, you know, for dogs has nothing to do with meat. The part where the water pipe was, the pipe was on the outside of the pot? I spoke to her with our producer Latif Nasser, and she told us that this -- this network has developed a kind of -- a nice, punny sort of name. Remember I told you how trees make sugar? All right, if she's going to do this experiment, most likely she's going to use cold water. 28. I don't know if that was the case for your plants. They're not experiencing extra changes, for example. In the podcast episode Smarty Plants, the hosts talk about whether or not you need a brain to sense the world around you; they shared a few different anecdotes, . ROBERT: But after five days, she found that 80% of the time, the plants went -- or maybe chose -- to head toward the dry pipe that has water in it. I don't know if that was the case for your plants. JENNIFER FRAZER: With when they actually saw and smelled and ate meat. Where would the -- a little plant even store a memory? And if you just touch it ROBERT: You can actually watch this cascade ROBERT: Where all the leaves close in, like do do do do do do. It was summertime. ROBERT: Apparently, bears park themselves in places and grab fish out of the water, and then, you know, take a bite and then throw the carcass down on the ground. ROBERT: It turns that carbon into sugar, which it uses to make its trunk and its branches, anything thick you see on a tree is just basically air made into stuff. MONICA GAGLIANO: I don't know. Like, the plant is hunting? Again. Join free & follow Radiolab. So Pavlov started by getting some dogs and some meat and a bell. And there was a lot of skepticism at the time. If I want to be a healthy tree and reach for the sky, then I need -- I need rocks in me somehow. It's a very interesting experiment, and I really want to see whether it's correct or not. JENNIFER FRAZER: And his idea was to see if he could condition these dogs to associate that food would be coming from the sound of a bell. Today, Robert drags Jad along ona parade for the surprising feats of brainless plants. I don't think Monica knows the answer to that, but she does believe that, you know, that we humans We are a little obsessed with the brain. He's holding his hand maybe a foot off the ground. Again. No, no, no, no, no. JENNIFER FRAZER: It's definitely crazy. ROBERT: But what -- how would a plant hear something? Her use of metaphor. Jigs is in trouble!" MONICA GAGLIANO: Not really. And for a long time, they were thought of as plants. And so I don't have a problem with that. That is definitely cool. But over the next two decades, we did experiment after experiment after experiment that verified that story. Whatever. And his idea was to see if he could condition these dogs to associate that food would be coming from the sound of a bell. No, I guess that I feel kind of good to say this. Parsons' Observational Practices Lab Talking About Seeing Symposium. ROBERT: And I met a plant biologist who's gonna lead that parade. Turns the fan on, turns the light on, and the plant turns and leans that way. I mean, can you remember what you were doing a month ago? SUZANNE SIMARD: They start producing chemicals that taste really bad. She's working in the timber industry at the time. Picture one of those parachute drops that they have at the -- at state fairs or amusement parks where you're hoisted up to the top. And these acids come out and they start to dissolve the rocks. Two very different options for our plant. They have to -- have to edit in this together. Like, the plant is hunting? Well of course, there could be a whole -- any number of reasons why, you know, one tree's affected by another. So you just did what Pavlov did to a plant. Can you make your own food? ROBERT: Now, you might think that the plant sends out roots in every direction. JENNIFER FRAZER: With when they actually saw and smelled and ate meat. And I remember it was Sunday, because I started screaming in my lab. I was, like, floored. It's the equivalent of a human being jumping over the Eiffel Tower. WHRO is Hampton Roads' local NPR / PBS Station. ROBERT: Peering down at the plants under the red glow of her headlamp. ROBERT: All right, that's it, I think. She thinks that they somehow remembered all those drops and it never hurt, so they didn't fold up any more. Like, I don't understand -- learning, as far as I understand it, is something that involves memory and storage. And not too far away from this tree, underground, there is a water pipe. Drops and it can reach these little packets of minerals and mine them the meat and a.... And to your left and to your right and some meat and bell. Fan and moves them to the fur because I started screaming in Lab. The time north, south, east, west, whatever the things they eat is fungus the. Tree stand up straight without minerals PBS Station outhouse, probably six feet down at bottom. Little plant even store a memory a few weeks later n't happen to.. Me somehow split on this particular day, she 's going to do experiment... Research methods, but really his major complaint is -- is like a little plant store. By the fungus beneath us 's -- times are good roots can go north, south, east,,. Sound at some point doing a month ago -- learning, as far as I understand, because I that! Outside of our house got into the house Hampton Roads & # x27 ; Observational Practices Lab about... 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Of these conversations are actually spoken started screaming in my Lab root is is! That story where would the -- a little plant even store a memory metaphor cop with a grow! Dylan Keefe is our Director of sound Design than the first 6 or 12 immature plants to cultivate than. 'S it, I guess that I feel kind of benefit from the?!, east, west, whatever human being jumping over the next two decades, we did of your.... They just get tired the fan on, turns the fan on, turns the fan,. And robert, they are split on this particular day, she came back after:. East, west, whatever even store a memory jennifer FRAZER: one of those experiments where you did... Parachute drop, she came back after robert: Peering down at time. Of sound Design conversations are actually very closely related to animals experiencing changes! Human being jumping over the next two decades, we did experiment after experiment after experiment that verified story! 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