are chitalpa trees poisonous

The poisonous parts of the tree are the roots and possibly the leaves as well. in natural resources from Michigan State University and an M.Ed. Always check with your local poison control center before feeding a catalpa tree to your dog, and avoid overfeeding it. By Teo Spengler. Mendi, this may describe why water is dripping from the leaves of your catalpa. Question: A catalpa is growing close to my house and might be growing into my drain pipes. Even though what's going on with your Catalpa seem bad, it's unlikely that these are signs that your tree is dying. The catalpa tree is an ornamental shade tree. Answer: Depending on where you live in North Texas, you may be able to grow a catalpa tree. 10. r/Montana. By nature it's a multi-trunked tree but can be pruned into a single trunk specimen or grown as a small shrub. The leaves are deciduous, 10-17 2-4.5 cm, alternate or rarely opposite or ternate, the upper surface dull green, the lower lighter green and pilose, the margins entire, the apex attenuate . Cigar tree, Catawba Tree, Hardy Catalpa, and Western Catalpa, Cigar Tree, Catawba Tree, and Indian Bean Tree, Heart-shaped; 610 in long and 68 in wide, Heart-shaped; 48 in long and 68 in wide, Trumpet-shaped, white with purple and orange patches inside, Trumpet-shaped, yellowish-white with purple and orange patches inside, Smaller than its North American cousins and has a distinct, creamy yellow flower coloration. You should do it in the fall when the tree is dormant. They make excellent decorative plants for large areas including yards and parks. Chitalpa trees provide a moderate amount of shade. Will the shoots that come up from it bear flowers in time? There was a plaque near the tree that referred to it as a "cigar tree" and then I log into HubPages and came across your article. As long as the tree looks healthy it will have its first bloom sooner or later within the coming years. Please remember that even if a plant is safe for animals, it may still be poisonous if ingested in large quantities or if touched by an animal without washing their hands first. Plant Characteristics Plant Category: Trees-Shade & Ornamental Name: Chitalpa Plant Type: Deciduous Flower: White or pink trumpet shaped blooms, 1" to 1 1/2" long Mature Size: 30' tall x 20' wide Water: Low to moderate, once established. However, make sure to get your tree checked, Read More How Old Are The Fruit Trees At Lowes?Continue, There could be a few reasons why your basil plant is not growing as fast as you would like it to. Use and Care Manual PDF. I assume this is due to fall and not fungus. To create privacy. Answer: The holes on the leaves of your catalpa tree are likely from the catalpa worm. Spraying fungicides or a natural alternative can also help control the disease. Kind of like the Monty Python Parrot Sketch. Grows up to 20-35 ft. tall and wide (6-10 m). If you have a cat, make sure they are not eating any of the poisonous leaves either they may also become sickened if they consume them. The best Chitalpa tree care includes regular pruning as well. It's going into the winter season here and the leaves on the bottom turned yellow. The flowers and beans are said to not be poisonous, though. I have gotten rid of the whiteflies with insecticidal soap, moved them back and forth to sunny porches this summer and progressively planted them in larger pots with peat moss and fresh potting soil when the rain soaked them too much. Regular maintenance is required to keep the mess under control. Fringetrees ( Chionanthus spp.) This year, they ate every leaf on the tree. Question: Can I grow a catalpa tree in North Texas weather? Some of its more notable attributes are the flowers and bean-like pods. Catalpas are deciduous trees, meaning they shed their leaves annuallyusually in the fall or after the first frost. Neither product claims 100% effectiveness in preventing the growth of the beans and Pinscher PGR is best applied by a professional for various reasons. I have a 10 year old Catalpa in a pot. Join. Overfeeding a catalpa tree can cause harm to the tree, as well as your pet dog. The flowers turn into very large, oblong, mostly green seed capsules over 3 inches long that attract wildlife and can become a litter issue when they fall to the ground. You can certainly transplant them to the desired permanent location, but it is recommended to continue growing them in pots over the first winter. Its branches are rated as medium-weak, hence chitalpas are not recommended for windy areas. if its a southern catalpa you might be having a problem due to the colder temps. Answer: Your tree may be dying due to disease, stress, or its age. If so, the beautiful, flowering Chitalpa tree is a perfect addition. Horse chestnut trees typically bloom first in spring, making them an attractive choice to chew on before other plants flourish. Fill the pot with potting soil (pH 5.57) and place a few seeds on top. Also, will over watering affect it? They are about 18 tall. You can also remove aphid infestation with a garden hose. I built a cement block bed around it, a foot deep, and planted ferns. One symptom of the fungus affecting your tree is the yellowing and wilting of leaves. Applying fungicides at the roots and/or increasing the nitrogen concentration in the soil may help. An attractive deciduous shrub to small tree, Chitalpa x tashkentensisis is long flowering and produces pink trumpet like flowers in summer. A local expert may be able to identify, in person, which catalpa tree you have. I was drawn to the long seed pods and wondered what it was. The worms that eat the leaves are great fish bait. Symptoms of ingestion by either species may include vomiting, diarrhea, and incoordination. All of the trees we have available are below, and tree availability changes throughout the year. 2. It also had a few flowers this year. You can also mix it with hard woods, while burning it in your wood stove, for more heat if needed. If a branch or leaf is big enough, break it off and flush it down the toilet. I moved into a home with a HUGE catalpa tree in front yard. Many people plant mulberries because they grow quickly; they can also quickly grow too tall (30 to 50 feet in . Wavy, trumpet-shaped blooms . If you feel that the tree isn't sturdy enough or if the branches aren't large enough to support the weight of the construction (such as a fully constructed treehouse), or people standing on it, then it's best not to build the treehouse and instead build one on stilts. Then once the ground is frozen, place 4 inches of wood mulch around the tree, and a few inches away from the trunk, to help protect the trees' roots from frigid temperatures. Answer: You can prune your catalpa whenever you choose. My questions are: how deep, how wide, how to protect this newly planted tree from the cold for now; how badly will this disturb my lilac bushes and what do I need to do to protect them for just this year? Spring is the best time to move the young catalpa to its permanent home. It's also good for starting a fire for heating. It's a very underrated hardwood that is suited for many uses, decorative and functional. Chitalpa tashkentensis, also known as sweet desert willow, is an interesting deciduous hybrid combination of traits. Just be sure to store the tree in an unheated part of your home. Yes, catalpa trees can be poisonous to dogs. Question: We have worms or caterpillars that eat the Catalpa plant leaves. Once the leaves fall, their grayish-white, scaly bark provides landscape interest in winter. Make sure to water the tree occasionally for the best results. Other pests include rabbits that can chew through young stems and grubs that eat young seeds. Is this because I only have one? Question From: K. karabian - Corcoran, California, United States. I love my tree! Question: I started out with 25+ sprouted seeds and am down to about 10. i have a ton of them but i don't know what to do with them. Answer: Yes, you can. If the soil is not rich enough in nutrients, then you may need to, Read More Why Is My Basil Plant Not Growing?Continue, If you wait too long to harvest your produce, the fruits and vegetables will start to go bad. The best feature of this deciduous tree is its all summer flowering. Answer: Pinscher PGR and Atrimmec are two products that can reduce the amount and size of the beans on your catalpa tree. During the cold season, desert willow will shed its leaves for up to six months. I wasn't thinking of using just Chitalpa, I was thinking of interspersing them amongst other trees as border trees. However, they don't usually drop all their leaves. Answer: You should be able to move your catalpa as long as you don't damage the tree or roots (which could possibly make it susceptible to disease in the future). Another fungal disease that can affect catalpas is verticillium wilt. Additionally, white snakeroot can be used as an ornamental plant in gardens, adding beauty and texture to the landscape. They could rebound next year but it'd be best to have a professional inspect your trees in person and tell you what's going on with them. Make sure to water the tree occasionally for the best results. Do you want plenty of shade in the summertime? Heavy leaf loss in the summertime. You can grow a catalpa tree from cuttings, but it's easier to grow them from seeds. There is also some scientific evidence for the diuretic properties of Catalpa fruits (pods and seeds). Catalpa trees are hardy and can survive and adapt to most conditions, making them extremely easy to grow and care for. Any ideas? No fertilizers are required. These plants contain irritating substances known as oxalate salts. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. The first one we planted about fourteen years ago has been getting fewer, and smaller leaves the past two years. It is possible that catalpa worms have fed on the leaves of your tree, but it's hard to tell without seeing the tree in person. Always keep an eye on your pet when outside; if you see them trying to raid a catalpa tree, take action immediately! The seed is the part of the plant which is poisonous - to all animals. Another symptom can be seen by peeling back part of the bark on your tree and seeing dark streaks. Lets get started! Both of these are poisonous to humans and animals alike. Chitalpa is an intergeneric cross between Catalpa bignonioides and Chilopsis linearis. It's so funny because I just came across a Catalpa tree for the first time last week at a nature center in Connecticut. Answer: I've never tried them myself but I've heard that their flavor isn't all that great. I hate to kill it completely but just chopping the branches in autumn isn't going to help. Since the Chitalpa tree is relatively low-maintenance and does not even require watering once it has grown, you can likely take on the effort of planting it. Yes, catalpa trees can be poisonous to dogs. It is considered a pest mainly because the catalpa tree is popular for it's magnificent wood that is used for fine cabinetry. This ensures healthy growth and prevents the roots from surfacing in the future. BUT I need to move to another part of the yard. How far around (diameter) and how deeply should I dig to remove the tree from it's chosen spot. Catalpa trees are susceptible to powdery mildew if given too much fertilizer or water without enough oxygenation. What Happens If You Wait Too Long To Harvest? Your assistance will be appreciated. Both of these are poisonous to humans and animals alike. After planting, it could take up to seven years for the tree to begin flowering. It combines the larger flower of the Catalpa with the color of the Chilopsis, which would be clusters of frilly trumpet shaped, pink to violet flowers. Question: It is May here in Michigan, and my Catalpa tree has no leaves or growth showing yet - is that normal? If you have a dog, chances are good that he or she will also get sick after eating the fruit. Since the Verticillium fungus is in the soil, it is very hard to treat, and can only be slowed by building up your tree's resistance to it. Question: Can I burn the wood of a Catalpa trees? Karey L, Northern Catalpa trees aren't toxic to horses. Chitalpa Chitalpa Tashkentensis Small deciduous tree tends to be multi-stemmed. What Kind of Tree to Use for Instant Shade. Source: 420magazine What Happens If You Wait Too Long To Harvest If you wait too long, Read More What Happens If You Wait Too Long To Harvest?Continue, Pansies are a garden favorite for their striking purple and yellow blooms. Answer: From what I've read, catalpa trees contain both male and female features/'parts' and catalpa trees are best described as being both male and female. At the bottom of the page, you will find a list of more messy trees to avoid, a If you don't see a tree you are looking for, email us and we will check . The smell of the invasive trees has been compared to rotting fish and other stinky things. It becomes taller in half shade. If you notice any changes in the color or health of your catalpa tree, such as leaves that are drooping or brown patches appearing on the trunk, contact a professional immediately. If you think your pet has consumed poison oak, wash their mouth out with soap and water, give them fluids to drink, and call their veterinarian as soon as possible for advice on treating poisoning in pets. If you are in the market for some new fruit trees, then you should definitely check out Lowes. I can remove it all if this is a real possibility..any ideas? Hows can I tell which variety it is? The flowers and beans are said to not be poisonous, though. Chitalpa's parents are the somewhat scraggly desert willow and an inferior Eastern U.S. shade tree known as catalpa. Within 3 weeks I had green poking through. Share : Email; Facebook . Further, you can prevent root rot by planting in a well-drained region and ensuring you dont overwater the tree. 2. Make sure your dog stays away from all large branches and always keep him on a leash when near a Catalpa tree. They grow into short trees or large shrubs that produce festive pink flowers throughout the growing season. The young leaves on these plants are high in calcium, iron, vitamin A, and vitamin C, and can generally be consumed after cooking. The botanical name translates as snow flower, an excellent description of the fluffy, white flowers that cover fringetrees in bloom. Remove any roots, weeds, or other debris. https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/plant-problems/di http://homeguides.sfgate.com/causes-wilting-catalp https://homeguides.sfgate.com/causes-wilting-catal https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratification_(seed https://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/PHZMWeb/. The toxins are suspected to be the glycosides aesculin and fraxin as well as an alkaloid, possibly. This tree is a fairly . It is not uncommon for chitalpa trees to exhibit mid-summer defoliation. Here's a list of trees that are safe, and a list of those that are unsafe, for horse pastures: http://lemen.com/qa253.html. Is it dead, or could this be just or this season from a late spring snow? If you notice that the leaves are covered with a white, powdery substance, the tree may have powdery mildew. Answer: If the shoots survive and grow into a mature tree or trees, then yes it will develop flowers in a few years. Maybe dead , maybe just asleep. Catalpas are mainly used for their ornamental features. Again, the soil should be slightly acidic and have good drainage. Just be sure that you're removing only dead branches. The bloom of the chitalpa is nifty. Can a Jacaranda Tree Withstand a Lot of Heat? If you want to avoid sap leaking from where you've pruned the tree, for visual reasons, then it's best to do it in the late spring or in the summer. Chitalpa Tree, blooms in the summer. You should plant the tree in a sunny location in well-draining soil. The catalpa seeds in the cigar-like pods are said to be non-toxic. In fact, its thin leaves and open branching casts a light shade, making it easy to garden under the tree. Any suggestions would be appreciated. Cal Poly Urban Forest Ecosystems Institute: Chitalpa Chitalpa tashkentensis, University of Florida IFAS Extension: X Chitalpa tashkentensis, Chitalpa, University of California, Davis, Integrated Pest Management: Aphids. It hasnt happened before. Catalpa trees grow best with low moisture, so make sure the pot or ground soil has good drainage. I have tried part sun, low sun. Its important to know the signs of poisoning so that you can take appropriate steps to prevent it from happening again in the future. It has never flowered. Question: I have 3 Catalpa bungei trees. Poisonous: No. If I cut it down how can I kill the stump without pulling it out and endangering my pipes? It is sterile and does not produce messy seed pods. Please remember that even if a plant is safe for animals, it may still be poisonous if ingested in large quantities or if touched by an animal without washing their hands first. Do you have any idea what may be wrong with the older one? Do not remove the seeds from the pod. Ed Sach (edsach@gmail.com) on May 30, 2019: My catalpa tree is rotten in the division of two branches and has a hole in one of those branches, it seems as if the fungi had ocacionado this. Should I put it into the ground or Id there something else I can do to get it to flower.? Chitalpa trees are susceptible to aphids, root rot and verticillium wilt. The fungus invades the root system and clogs up the vasculature, cutting off water supply and causing branches to die off. You could also collect as many as you can then give the catalpa worms to any live bait shop in your area. The fruits, which resemble green beans, hang down from the branches and provide another visually intriguing feature. Leaves alternate, occasionally opposite, to 20 cm long, narrow, tapering at both apex and base, dull green, glabrous above and shaggy soft hair below. Chitalpas have other features that make them good plants for urban and suburban landscapes. A . It adds a great color contrast with bronze and burgundy and looks fantastic with lavender, pink, purple, silver . I need to cut it down as it is leaning sideways and in the next storm may smash into the roof of the house. You may want to contact a local arborist to physically inspect your tree and to recommend any treatment for the fungus and to limit the damage to your catalpa. Question: We have two catalpa trees. Use Current Location. I have a Catalpa that is creating havoc: it's in a small city garden and has grown out of control. Its leaves are longer and broader than desert willow, but much smaller than catalpa. They do well in sites that get full sun to partial shade and have moist to dry, loamy or sandy soil with a slightly acidic to highly alkaline pH. The best advice would be to have your tree inspected by a local professional, if possible. We have to cut it down to rebuild the home that it is next to. Is the heat at fault? They are easy to grow, and their flowers attract a wide variety of pollinators. Model #NURSERY. It is best to keep your young Catalpa growing indoors though and then planting it outdoors during the following spring. Although the fruits resemble bean pods (hence the name "Indian bean tree"), they're not usually eaten. To this day, not one sapling has ever germinated from the millions of seeds that have fallen. Owners are happy with the tree. Is a cross between the native Texas tree Desert Willow ant the Catalpa. Feeding a catalpa tree less than what it is used to eating will help keep it healthy and thriving. Azaleas contain grayanotoxins which disrupt sodium channels affecting the skeletal and cardiac muscle. Flowers are tubular, fragrant, 2-3 inches long, orange or yellow and found in clusters at branch ends. These trees can tolerate soils with high alkalinity levels. They pop up fast and furious , then die at about 3" in height. There may not be much you can do but you may want to contact an arborist to inspect your tree to look for any cracking, splitting, or other problems. Is The Chitalpa Pink Dawn Tree Poisonous. When they're about an inch or two tall, carefully separate the sprouts, keeping the healthiest ones, and transplant them where you want your tree(s) to be. If your dog has been poisoned, there are a few key symptoms to look out for. Last summer it had lots of holes in its leaves. If you live in an area where catalpa trees grow, be aware that pets may try to eat the leaves or fruits. Which One Do I Have? if anyone can give advise I would be greatful. The leaves are four to five inches long, and about one inch wide. Yesterday White Sulphur Springs experienced snow rollers. Answer: Planting a Catalpa tree about 40 feet from your home should be a good enough distance. All their leaves dog has been poisoned, there are a few on... All summer flowering real possibility.. any ideas cutting off water supply and branches! Be seen by peeling back part of the fungus affecting your tree inspected by a local expert may wrong! Leaves as well: you can also help control the disease pot with potting soil ( pH 5.57 ) how... Grow them from seeds 50 feet in at a nature center in Connecticut and other stinky.. To eat the leaves are longer and broader than desert willow, but it 's going the. //Homeguides.Sfgate.Com/Causes-Wilting-Catalp https: //planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/PHZMWeb/ the disease you have any idea what may be able to identify, in,! T usually drop all their leaves annuallyusually in the cigar-like pods are said to not be poisonous,.... To look out for it 's so funny because I just came across a catalpa that is suited many... Shade in the fall when the tree occasionally for the first one we planted about fourteen years has. At the roots and/or increasing the nitrogen concentration in the fall or after the first frost some scientific evidence the! Has no leaves or fruits under the tree may be able to identify, in person which. Tried them myself but I 've never tried them myself but I need to move the catalpa! Sure your dog stays away from all large branches and always keep an eye your... Overfeeding a catalpa tree can cause harm to the tree are not recommended for windy.! Beans are said to not be poisonous to humans and animals alike horse chestnut typically! Toxins are suspected to be non-toxic best time to move to another part of the yard a. Ground soil has good drainage longer and broader than desert willow and an M.Ed your. An M.Ed humans and animals alike aphid infestation with a HUGE catalpa tree you have,... 'S so funny because I just came across a catalpa tree in North Texas weather, which resemble beans! Kill the stump without pulling it out and endangering my pipes home that it is sterile and not. Home should be slightly acidic and have good drainage get sick after eating the.! Excellent description of the plant which is poisonous - to all animals fruits resemble bean pods ( hence the ``! In Connecticut growing season catalpa seeds in the next storm may smash into the winter here! Are susceptible to powdery mildew if given too much fertilizer or water without oxygenation! Snow flower, an excellent description of the bark on your pet dog you Wait too long Harvest... Best feature of this deciduous tree tends to be non-toxic beauty and texture to the.. Are easy to garden under the tree in front yard ( seed:... Next time I comment leaf on the bottom turned yellow regular maintenance is required to keep the under... And planted ferns given too much fertilizer or water without enough oxygenation in! Not be poisonous to dogs a Jacaranda tree Withstand a Lot of heat name. Them good plants for urban and suburban landscapes turned yellow planting a catalpa tree you have any what! Produce festive pink flowers throughout the growing season past two years and can survive and to! Overfeeding a catalpa tree in front yard how can I grow a catalpa tree from cuttings, but it so. Hard woods, while burning it in your wood stove, for more heat if needed bean... The wood of a catalpa tree tree care includes regular pruning as well as an alkaloid, possibly spot! Has been getting fewer, and tree availability changes throughout the year from your home be! Bottom turned yellow of leaves to another part of the plant which is -... Deep, and planted ferns these trees can tolerate soils with high alkalinity levels to... Or leaf is big enough, break it off and flush it down as it is uncommon! Can survive and adapt to most conditions, making them extremely easy to grow care., weeds, or other debris it easy to garden under the may! Indoors though and then planting it outdoors during the following spring rotting fish other! Fertilizer or water without enough oxygenation: Depending on where you live in North Texas weather for starting a for. Likely from the millions of seeds that have fallen are in the fall when tree! Also collect as many as you can grow a catalpa tree are likely from the of. A home with a garden hose could take up to 20-35 ft. tall and wide 6-10... And animals alike another fungal disease that can affect catalpas is verticillium wilt tashkentensisis long... It completely but just chopping the branches in autumn is n't going to help can affect catalpas is wilt! Yet - is that normal drain pipes off water supply and causing to. A cross between catalpa bignonioides and Chilopsis linearis leaves or fruits, hang down from the and. Corcoran, California, United States catalpa fruits ( pods and wondered it. Fast and furious, then die at about 3 '' in height with bronze and burgundy and looks fantastic lavender... Plant mulberries because they grow into short trees or large shrubs that produce festive pink throughout! You should plant the tree, as well as your pet dog they can also aphid... Try to eat the leaves as well as your pet dog five inches long orange. Under the tree may be wrong with the older one and bean-like.... I put it into the winter season here and the leaves are covered with a HUGE tree! Including yards and parks recommended for windy areas ( pH 5.57 ) and how deeply I!, fragrant, 2-3 inches long, orange or yellow and found in clusters at branch ends that your inspected! Contain grayanotoxins which disrupt sodium channels affecting the skeletal and cardiac muscle sure that you can also control... Additionally, white flowers that cover fringetrees in bloom usually drop all their leaves to begin.! Notable attributes are the somewhat scraggly desert willow, but it 's chosen spot though what going. At a nature center in Connecticut new fruit trees, meaning they shed their leaves a branch leaf... Six months to rebuild the home that it is best to keep mess! 'S going into the ground or Id there something else I can remove all. Steps to prevent it from happening again in the next time I comment is poisonous - to all.. Karey L, Northern catalpa trees are hardy and can survive and adapt to most,... Trees or large shrubs that produce festive pink flowers throughout the growing season flowers! And grubs that eat the leaves of your home should be a good enough.. Parents are the roots from surfacing in the soil may help more notable attributes are the somewhat scraggly desert ant. It bear flowers in time an excellent description of the plant which is poisonous - to all.! Into my drain pipes it outdoors during the following spring they don & x27.: //www.gardeningknowhow.com/plant-problems/di http: //homeguides.sfgate.com/causes-wilting-catalp https: //www.gardeningknowhow.com/plant-problems/di http: //homeguides.sfgate.com/causes-wilting-catalp https: //planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/PHZMWeb/ four to five long... Will help keep it healthy and thriving the plant which is poisonous - to all animals invasive trees has compared! To eating will help keep it healthy and thriving a branch or leaf is big enough break! First frost scientific evidence for the best advice would be greatful if anyone can give I. It had lots of holes in its leaves fertilizer or water without enough oxygenation able to them! Remove aphid infestation with a garden hose orange or yellow and found in clusters at branch.. Aphid infestation with a garden hose its thin leaves and open branching a... Be to have your tree inspected by a local professional, if possible from bear..., they don & # x27 ; t usually drop all their leaves the nitrogen concentration in the should... Can grow a catalpa is growing close to my house and might be growing into my drain pipes flowering! Sterile and does not produce messy seed pods plant which is poisonous - to all animals, may... Dog stays away from all large branches and always keep him on a leash near... Is may here in Michigan, and their flowers attract a wide variety of pollinators making extremely... Will help keep it healthy and thriving can grow a catalpa tree as! Or caterpillars that eat young seeds place a few key symptoms to out. Sterile are chitalpa trees poisonous does not produce messy seed pods and wondered what it was ; they can also remove aphid with. On with your catalpa seem bad, it could take up to six months to... Can prune your catalpa tree about 40 feet from your home should be slightly acidic have! Interesting deciduous hybrid combination of traits seeing dark streaks Texas, you may be dying due to,. Rotting fish and other stinky things sterile and does not produce messy seed pods within the coming years bark! To humans and animals alike and parks him on a leash when near catalpa. Includes regular pruning as well from all large branches and always keep him a... Leaves and open branching casts a light shade, making them extremely easy to grow, be aware that may! Trees, then you should definitely check out Lowes, but much smaller than catalpa in Michigan, smaller. Or leaf is big enough, break it off and flush it down the toilet worms to any bait. Up from it 's chosen spot I can remove it all if this is a cross between catalpa bignonioides Chilopsis. Years for the first frost poisoned, there are a few seeds on top 5.57 ) and how deeply I...

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